My 2¢ Worth

other's Day is this Sunday. Please take a little time to honor your mom. Send her a card or better yet, a phone call. Visit her if you live close enough.

he earliest tributes to mothers date back to the annual spring festival the Greeks dedicated to Rhea, the mother of many deities, and to the offerings ancient Romans made to their Great Mother of Gods, Cybele. Christians celebrated this festival on the fourth Sunday in Lent in honor of Mary, mother of Christ. In England this holiday was expanded to include all mothers and was called Mothering Sunday.

n the United States, Mother's Day started nearly 150 years ago, when Anna Jarvis, an Appalachian homemaker, organized a day to raise awareness of poor health conditions in her community, a cause she believed would be best advocated by mothers. She called it "Mother's Work Day."

ifteen years later, Julia Ward Howe, a Boston poet, pacifist, suffragist, and author of the lyrics to the "Battle Hymn of the Republic," organized a day encouraging mothers to rally for peace, since she believed they bore the loss of human life more harshly than anyone else.

oodrow Wilson signed a bill recognizing Mother's Day as a national holiday in 1914. At first, people observed Mother's Day by attending church, writing letters to their mothers, and eventually, by sending cards, presents, and flowers.

Feature Article

Creating Tableless Sites - Why and Some Basics

by: Nicole Hernandez Website Style

Let’s begin with the benefits of a tableless layout. These are only in the order that I feel they should go in, some things are more important to other people, so rank them as you will.

Forces You To Write Well-Formed Code

You cannot have a properly made tableless layout, and use improper and non-standard code. Well, let me correct that - you can (technically you can do it) but it defeats the whole purpose. When you are creating a tableless design, you should be using standards compliant code. I think that anything that makes you get into the habit of always writing clean code is a good thing.

Faster Loading Time

This is absolutely a benfit of a tableless layout, and for several reasons. First, on a fundamental level - tables load slowly. For the most part, unless you set the height and width of your table elements, all the text has to be loaded and rendered BEFORE the table sizes itself to the page. Of course, this is what so many people loved about tables isn’t it? The fact that they were so easily sizeable. The downside is how much more time they take to load.

Okay, so the solution to that loading time is to set all the values explicitly, right? So now we see another downside. Code clutter that increases loading time. First of all, just by themselves, tables take alot of code. How many td open and close tags does your average table based layout have? Tons. Having to set all the values explicitly only adds to the page size and loading time. There are many experiments that have been done on this topic, There was one that StopDesign did on a remake of the Microsoft website from a tablebased site to a tableless layout. That remake showed a 62% file size reduction of the site, and using their average hits per month for the Microsoft site, calculated that Microsoft would be saving 924 GIGS in bandwidth per day, and 329 Terabytes of bandwidth per year. For any company that pays for bandwidth, these things are important.

Easier to Read Code

If you are using standard code, semantic document conventions, and a tableless layout, your code can be so clean that it looks practically like just regular text with a few extra symbols.

That is a great benefit because it not only makes it easier for you to update, but it makes it easier for a non-technical user to make small alterations to. Additionally, if you work as a web developer in a more freelance capacity, it is common for there to be a full-time web developer who has to maintain that site. Clean and simple to read code makes that a easy transition. We like it when people leave us easy to understand code, right? Let's return the favor.

Print Alternate Views

When you create a page using a table-layout, you are rather unfortunately locked into a certain layout. Developers who have created table-based websites, as most of us have at some point - particularly if you were in the the industry before the big tableless movement, know that you often have to create a separate printable version of your pages. This can be, needless to say, quite tiresome.

Ease of printing style control is a huge benefit with a tableless layout. You can easily create a single new printing style that applies to all your pages, instead of making them individually. That alone is a huge time saver, but there is more.

While you can control all elements with this approach, the biggest key is organization of information within the page itself. Using the example, let’s assume that the display order we want all our pages to print using the following order: The page header first, the content next, the special news after that, then the link list, and then the footer. However! We still want it to display as it would normally when viewing (meaning the header at the top, the links on the left, content in the middle, news on the right, and footer at the bottom). With a table-based layout, you would have to create a new page to do that special printing organization because the print style will read your columns left to right. With a table-less layout, you are not bound by this. You can order the content in your page however you like, and still control the way it looks... all by using the CSS only!

Additionally, because we can put the content in whatever order we want in the HTML, and then move the content blocks around for website viewing using CSS - we can have ultimate control over presentation.

That is very important because the clean code, and ability to alter presentation, means that your site can be viewable by someone on a small mobile phone screen, a PDA, in all text format can be perfect for someone using a text-to-speech reader, or a braille device, and since the code is clean, it is both backward compatible (with older browsers seeing mostly just the text) and forward compatible with new technologies to come. The flexibilty and organization leads to being able to create a powerful website that takes advantage of some of the possibilities with XHTML, and adding in support in your pages for microformats, or taking advantage of using RSS / ATOM feeds from your site to develop a base of regular readers.

Search Engine Optimization

Due to the fact that you can organize your most important content at the top of your page, without affecting the layout, your page can be better optimized for search engines. For instance, say that I have a navigation bar on the left side of the page that lists tons of parts of the site that are actually great keywords. I could move that navigation bar code higher up in my actual HTML, without changing the layout, because I'm using the CSS to position the navigation where I want it.

Those search engines can also more clearly find common words throughout your document without having to filter through code. Search engines prioritize websites that have a higher content to code ratio, so putting all your style elements into your external CSS stylesheet makes your site highly content based to a search engine. Tableless layouts, as previously mentioned, decrease page size and loading time - another bonus to search engines.

Additionally, being able to take advantage of the RSS/ATOM feeds (see the section directly above) will aid you in some new technology for site indexing as used by all search engines called ROR. (ROR is an XML format summary of your website, like a sitemap, that search engines can access for additional information about your website.)

Presentation Flexibility

Making changes to a CSS based Tableless layout is simple. You can alter the CSS file only, changing as many styles and graphics as you want. The affects cascade through all the pages on your website, and eliminate the need for manually updating many pages.

For one of the best known examples of how powerful presentation can be, you can visit the CSS Zen Garden (link at the end of article) and navigate through the ‘Select a Design’ links to see the differences. Each of the different designs uses exactly the same HTML file content. The only thing that changes is the CSS file for each one.

Selling Yourself On Standards

Sometimes knowing how to code for standards, and create flexible tableless layouts is not enough. There are some web designers who meet with difficulties from their management. Most often those difficulties are rooted in the management being unaware of the benefits of using tableless content and CSS driven layout.

If you want to design for standards, but you work for a company that is not very forward-thinking in allowing you the time to work on the changes — try this: Make them think about their pocket-book. Point out the cost saving benefits.

For instance, try grabbing a single page of existing code. Clean it up to standards. Compare the page size to before (including image optimization), and count the difference in bytes saved. Multiply that across the number of site pages, and the number of days per month. Then explain to them the amount of bandwidth cost saved monthly if this was done across the whole site. If that isn’t enough, show them how quickly you can make changes to a website once it is CSS driven, and push the idea that you will be able to change the site more rapidly when there are needed updates, and you will have more time to focus on adding in new functionality to the site - instead of spending your time doing maintenance.

Hopefully, this little article will serve as a way to get you started on understanding why to use a tableless layout, what the benefits are, and you can easily take a look at Layout Gala (link below article) and download just 1, or all 40 of the tableless layout examples to get you started. However, the best step toward moving to a tableless design is to slowly move your website toward a standard compliant version first, before you get rid of the tables. To get to that point, study as much on CSS as you can, read through the articles here and elsewhere on the web, and moving from table layouts to tableless will be just a matter of time.

Links mentioned in the article: CSS Zen Garden, Layout Gala.

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Nicole Hernandez is a web developer with a specialty in web standards and accessibility. She is the owner of Website Style and publishes technical articles on her blog called Beyond Caffeine.

Browser Caching problems

Almost all current and old browsers use the Cache feature to allow for fast loading and viewing of pages you have already been to. This will sometimes cause people to see old versions of your page. To tell browsers when to get a newer copy of your site, you should use following tags:

<META http-equiv="Expires" content="Thu, 22 Dec 1925 1:00:00 GMT">

<META http-equiv="Pragma" content="no-cache">

These meta tags should be placed in between your <head> and </head> tags. Also, the specified date should be a date in the past so that the browser will immediately get rid of the cached copy or not keep it at all. It is also best to use both tags because most browsers understand the "Expires" tag; however, some older browsers may still look for the "no-cache" tag.

* Get these syndicated tip feeds for yourweb site, free. *

Second Article

Computers: A Basic Introduction

by: Roger A. Pendey

When you mention the word "technology," most people think about computers. Virtually every facet of our lives has some computerized component. The appliances in our homes have microprocessors built into them, as do our televisions. Even our cars have a computer. However, the computer that everyone thinks of first is typically the personal computer, or PC.

Computer, a "general purpose" tool, has a microprocessor to work efficiently. There are different parts of a computer system: a hard disk, a modem, etc. that works together. A PC can be used for different purposes. It can be used for sending e-mail, playing games, browsing the web, etc.

Let take a closer look at the main components of the PC or typical desktop computer.

Central processing unit (CPU): The microprocessor "brain" of the computer system is referred to as the central processing unit. The CPU oversees everything that a computer does.

Memory: This is very fast storage used to hold data. It has to be fast as it connects directly to the microprocessor. There are several specific types of memory in a computer:

Random-access memory (RAM): Used to temporarily store information that the computer is currently working with.

Read Only Memory: It stores the important data that does not change. It is a permanent storage device and helps in computer booting.

Basic input/output system (BIOS): A type of ROM that is used by the computer to establish basic communication when the computer is first turned on.

Caching: is used to temporarily store a copy of information that has been requested by computer.

Virtual memory: Free space on a hard disk used to temporarily store data and swap it in and out of RAM.

Motherboard: This is the main board in the computer that has the processor, the RAM, the BIOS ROM, the timing and control, the interrupt and direct memory access hardware and the keyboard interface on it which are connected to it through the secondary connection.

Soundcard: A peripheral device in the form of a card used for producing sound and music. Although PCs come with a built-in speaker, it was usually tied to the CPU and does not do a good job of reproducing complex sounds. All soundcards have connectors for speakers.

Hard drive: This is the main storage device of a computer. It stores information including the OS that allows you to access it all. Most common OS for PCs is Microsoft Windows. And Apple computers use the Macintosh operating system.

Other drives: The majority of computers also make use of floppy disk and CD drives. These vary from system to system, however all work the same way, reading information stored on disks. These are necessary for maintaining and updating the computer's software and operating system.

These are a few key components required to make a computer system. Lastly, it is difficult to live without computers. Computers have changed our lives.

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